Red trousers worn by the French army
The pantalon rouge (French for 'red trousers') were an integral part of the uniform of most regiments of the French army from to Some parts of the Kingdom of France's army already wore red trousers or breeches but the French Revolution saw the introduction of white trousers for infantrymen. Following the Bourbon Restoration white breeches or blue trousers were worn but red trousers for infantry were adopted in to encourage the French rose madder dye-growing industry. Madder red is a shade darker than the scarlet of British uniforms.
By the early 20th century other European nations had adopted drab combat uniforms as a response to the changing nature of warfare. An early attempt by minister of war Adolphe Messimy to modernise the French infantry uniform was rejected after opposition in the press that it was "contrary both to French taste and military function". The bright French uniform contributed to the high casualty rate in the first months of the First World War. In December the French adopted a less conspicuous horizon blue uniform based on Messimy's proposal. The change in uniform was due to a shortage of the German-produced artificial alizarin dye which had been used in place of the traditional madder dyes.
During the early years of the 18th century red breeches were worn by 23 of the dragoon regiments of France's royal army,[1] but after a yellowish shade of brown was substituted.[2] Later Kingdom of France uniforms varied significantly between regiments but red breeches were limited to generals, members of the royal household, and the Maréchaussée (until ). Infantry regiments universally wore white breeches after the s, replacing the mixture of regimental colours previously favoured by individual colonel-proprietors. After the revolution breeches were replaced with trousers in the army and during the French Revolutionary Wars infantrymen wore these garments in white cloth if available. Infantry wore a number of colours of trouser during the Napoleonic Wars but red was worn only by cavalrymen of the Imperial Guards of Honour, the lancers, three regiments of hussars and the 3rd Regiment of Scouts of the Imperial Guard.[3]
The Bourbon Restoration of brought in departmental legions in white breeches. When line infantry regiments were restored in they were issued blue trousers. Red breeches or trousers featured more heavily in the cavalry, being worn by the guard hussars, dragoons, lancers, chasseurs à cheval and most regiments of hussars.[3]
The pantalon rouge were adopted by the French Army on 26 July , to encourage the rose madder dye-growing industry in France.[3][4] By the 20th century the synthetic dye alizarin, imported from Germany, was used to colour the cloth of the pantalons rouge. The French infantry wore the same pattern of trouser from to [5] During the Franco-Prussian War of the trousers became so synonymous with the French army that civilians referred to soldiers as "red legs" or red trousers.[4]
On the eve of mobilisation for World War I (August ) red trousers or breeches formed a conspicuous part of the uniforms worn by all branches and corps except the Chasseurs a' pied, Artillery, Engineers, Colonial troops and certain North African native regiments. The most spectacular version of the pantalons rouge was the voluminous "oriental dress" worn by the zouaves. In red cloth this was so conspicuous that with the outbreak of war it had to be replaced by a white summer version until re-tailored blue and eventually khaki trousers could be issued.[6]
With changes in battlefield technology and tactics comparable European armies had switched from colourful uniforms to more drab versions in the period leading up to the First World War. The British Army adopted a Khaki field service uniform, in place of the traditional infantryman's redcoat, just after the Second Boer War (–), Imperial Russia moved from "Tsar's green" to khaki-grey between and , and in the German army replaced its traditional Prussian blue uniform with feldgrau, a grayish green color.[7][8] The United States, Austro-Hungary, Italy and the Ottoman Empire all made similar moves between and However, these major powers, and many smaller armies, largely retained their historic brightly coloured uniforms for ceremonial, parade, and off-duty "walking out" dress until the outbreak of war in [9]
Suggestions that the French army adopt predominantly brown or grey uniforms were rejected in the decades preceding the war.[10] After observing the actions of the –13 Balkan Wars the French minister of war Adolphe Messimy, well-regarded as a humane and professional army officer, proposed replacing the pantalon rouge, red kepis and blue tunics with less conspicuous colours.[8][11] Messimy's proposal was for a uniform of so-called tricolore fabric, woven from a mix of 60% blue wool, 30% red wool and 10% white wool.[5]
The proposal was fiercely opposed in the press which objected to the army wearing "muddy, inglorious" colours; the Écho de Paris stated that "to banish all that is colourful, all that gives the soldier his vivid aspect, is to go contrary both to French taste and military function".[12][13] Former war minister Eugène Étienne also opposed the proposal, declaring "jamais! le pantalon rouge, c'est la France" ("never! the red trousers are France"), which became a catchphrase of the conservative movement in France.[8][11] The outcry over the proposal almost cost Messimy his ministerial position.[11]
The infantryman's uniform, including the pantalon rouge, was especially visible in the yellow-cropped fields that were fought over in August and September , contributing to the high French casualty rate.[8][11] After the outbreak of war, red alizarin dye could no longer be obtained from Germany. As a result, in December the French Army adopted a variation on Messimy's proposal. The mix of blue and white wool was retained, but without the red component, producing a uniform in horizon blue. Whilst less conspicuous than the pre-war uniform it was not perfect: the colour showed up well on the blue-sensitive film used in aerial photography of the time. The Germans had carefully developed their feldgrau to be hard to detect by photography or the naked eye.[5] The Armée d’Afrique initially adopted uniforms made from khaki cloth manufactured in Britain, but later changed to a lighter brown colour with a yellowish tinge known as "mustard" (moutarde).[14]
During World War I red trousers never completely vanished from depots plus lines of communication units and training establishments,[15] although this reflected shortages of the new horizon-blue garments rather than nolstalgia. From [16] the colourful pre-war uniforms were reintroduced for those regiments of the French Army of Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco) that were primarily dependent on voluntary enlistment. Limited to parade and off duty wear, this recruitment measure meant that red trousers were worn again until by officers and re-enlisted personnel of the tirailleurs, zouaves and chasseurs d'Afrique. Only the Foreign Legion did not return to pantalons rouge after peacetime stocks were used up after In serving officers of all metropolitan and colonial branches were required to acquire full dress for social and ceremonial occasions in pre colours.[17] In addition to these officers, cadets at the Saint Cyr Military Academy reappeared in blue and red from onwards.[18][19]
World War II marked the final termination of the pantalons rouge, with the notable exception of Saint Cyr; plus a limited number of military bands and small detachments from units that had historically worn this iconic garment in various forms between and [20]
A poster for a operetta entitled Le Pantalon Rouge and depicting a French army officer
French light infantry uniform,