Spurs team biography

History of an English football club

For a statistical breakdown by season, see List of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. seasons.

Tottenham Hotspur Football Club is a football club based in Tottenham, north London, England. Formed in as "Hotspur Football Club" by a group of schoolboys, it was renamed to "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club" in , and is commonly referred to as "Tottenham" or "Spurs". Initially amateur, the club turned professional in Spurs won the FA Cup in , becoming the first, and so far only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League. The club has won the FA Cup a further seven times, the Football League twice, the League Cup four times, the UEFA Cup twice and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in , the first UEFA competition won by an English team. In –61, Tottenham became the first team to complete The Double in the 20th century.

Tottenham played in the Southern League from until , when they were elected to the Football League Second Division. They won promotion to the First Division the following year, and stayed there until the late s. The club played mostly in the Second Division until the s, when it enjoyed a revival, reaching a peak in the s. Fortunes dipped after the early s, but resurged in the s. Tottenham was a founding member of the Premier League in ; they finished in mid-table most seasons, but now rank as one of the top six clubs.

Of the club's thirty-two managers, John Cameron was the first to win a major trophy, the FA Cup. Peter McWilliam added a second FA Cup win for the club in Arthur Rowe developed the "push and run" style of play in the s and led the club to its first league title. Bill Nicholson oversaw the Double winning side as well as the most successful period of the club's history, in the s and early s. Later managers include Keith Burkinshaw, the second most successful in terms of major trophies won, with two FA Cups and a UEFA Cup, and Terry Venables, under whom the club won the FA Cup in

Spurs played their early games on public land at Tottenham Marshes, but by they were playing on rented ground at Northumberland Park. In , the club moved to White Hart Lane, where a stadium was gradually developed. Spurs remained there until Its replacement, Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, was completed in on the same site; during its construction, home matches were played at Wembley Stadium.

Formation

The Hotspur Football Club was formed in by a group of schoolboys from Saint John's Middle Class School and Tottenham Grammar School. Mostly aged 13 to 14, the boys were members of the Hotspur Cricket Club formed two years Buckle with his two friends Sam Casey and John Anderson conceived the idea of a football club so they could continue to play sport during the winter months. Club lore states that the boys gathered one night under a lamppost along Tottenham High Road about yards/metres from the now-demolished White Hart Lane ground, and agreed to form a football club. The date of their meeting is unknown, so the Hotspur Football Club is taken to have been formed on 5 September , when the eleven boys had to start paying their first annual subscriptions of sixpence. By the end of the year the club had eighteen members. Although the name Northumberland Rovers was mooted, the boys settled on the name Hotspur. As with the cricket club, it was chosen in honour of Sir Henry Percy (better known as Harry Hotspur, the rebel of Shakespeare's Henry IV, part 1), whose Northumberland family once owned land in the area, including Northumberland Park in Tottenham, where the club is located.

The boys initially held their meetings under lampposts in Northumberland Park or in half-built houses on the adjoining Willoughby Lane in Tottenham. In August the boys sought the assistance of John Ripsher, the warden of Tottenham YMCA and Bible-class teacher at All Hallows Church, who became the first president of the club and its treasurer.^[6] A few days later he presided over a meeting of twenty-one club members in the basement kitchen of the YMCA at Percy House or its annex on the High Road, which became the club's first headquarters. Ripsher, who continued as president until , supported the boys through the club's formative years, reorganising it and establishing the club's ethos.^[7] The stability he provided in the early years helped the club survive, unlike many others of the period that did not. Ripsher found new premises for the club when the boys were evicted in after a YMCA council member was accidentally hit by a soot-covered football: first at 1 Dorset Villa, a church-owned property on Northumberland Park where they stayed for two years, then to the Red House on High Road around –86 after they were again asked to leave, this time for playing cards in church.^[10] The Red House, which stood beside the entrance gate to White Hart Lane but was demolished in during the ground's redevelopment,^[11] was the club's headquarters until its move to High Road in It was later bought by the club in and became its official address ( Tottenham High Road) in ^[13] In April , owing to letters for another London club named Hotspur being misdirected to North London, the club was renamed Tottenham Hotspur Football Club to avoid any further confusion.^[14] The team were referred to as "Spurs" in press reports as early as ^[17] (the use of "Spurs" for a team called Hotspur predates the formation of Tottenham Hotspur),^[a] and they have also been called "the Lilywhites" after the white jerseys they have worn since the late 19th century.^[18][19]

Early years

The boys played their early matches on public ground at Tottenham Marshes, where they needed to mark out and prepare their own pitch, and on occasions had to defend against other teams who might try to take it over. Local pubs were used as dressing rooms. Robert Buckle was the team's first captain, and for two years the boys largely played games among themselves, but the number of friendly fixtures against other clubs gradually increased. The first recorded match took place on 30 September against a local team named the Radicals, a game Hotspur lost 2–0.^[21] The first game reported by the local press was on 6 October against Brownlow Rovers, which Spurs won 9–0. The team played their first competitive match on 17 October against St Albans, a company works team, in the London Football Association Cup. The match was attended by spectators, and Spurs won 5–2. In the early days Spurs were essentially a schoolboy team, sometimes playing against adults, but older players later joined, and the squad strengthened as they absorbed players from other local clubs. Some of the early members such as Buckle, Sam Casey, John Thompson and Jack Jull stayed with the club for many years as players, committee members or directors; for example Jull played until , while Buckle served in various roles on the club committee and was on the first board of directors of Tottenham formed in until he left in ^[24]

Spurs attracted the interest of the local community soon after their formation, and the number of spectators for their matches grew to 4, within a few years. As their games were played on public land, no admission fees could be charged for spectators. In Tottenham moved their home fixtures from the Tottenham Marshes to Northumberland Park, where they rented an enclosed ground and were able to charge for admission and control the crowd. The first match there was on 13 October , a reserve match that yielded gate receipts of 17 shillings. A week later they were beaten 8–2 by Old Etonians in their first senior game at the ground. Spectators were usually charged 3d a game, raised to 6d for cup ties. By the early s, a cup tie may draw a few thousand paying supporters. In the early days there were no stands except for a couple of wagons as seats and wooden trestles for spectators to stand on, but for the –95 season, the first stand with just over seats and a changing room underneath was built on the ground. The club attempted to join the Southern League in but failed when it received only one vote.^[26] Instead, the club played in the short-lived Southern Alliance for the –93 season.

Spurs initially played in navy-blue shirts with a letter H on a scarlet shield on the left breast and white breeches. The club colours were changed in or to light blue and white halved jerseys and white shorts, inspired by watching Blackburn Rovers win the FA Cup at the Kennington Oval in , before returning to the original dark blue shirts for the –90 season. From to , the club had red shirts and blue shorts, changed in to chocolate brown and gold narrow striped shirts and dark-blue shorts.^[30] Finally, in the –99 season, the strip was changed to the now familiar white shirts and navy-blue shorts.

Professional status

The club became unwittingly involved in a controversy known as the Payne Boots Affair in October A reserve player from Fulham, Ernie Payne, agreed to play for Spurs but arrived without any kit as it had apparently been stolen at Fulham. As no suitable boots could be found, the club gave him 10 shillings to buy his boots. Fulham then complained to the London Football Association that Tottenham had poached their player, and accused them of professionalism breaching amateur rules. On the latter charge, the London Football Association found Tottenham guilty, as the payment for the boots was judged an "unfair inducement" to attract the player to the club. Spurs were suspended for a fortnight, had to forfeit their second-round match against Clapham Rovers in the FA Amateur Cup and were therefore eliminated from the competition. Despite the punishment, the controversy had an unexpected positive effect on the club. Press coverage of the incident raised the national profile of what was then a local amateur club, and gained them sympathy for what many thought was unfair treatment. Invitations from other clubs to play games increased, and attendance at their matches rose. The publicity also brought on board local businessman John Oliver, who became chairman in after Ripsher retired, and provided funding for the club.^[34]

With an increasing number of teams to play against, the quality of Spurs' opposition also improved. To compete against better teams, the club committee, led by the second club president John Oliver, agreed that the club should turn professional. Robert Buckle made the proposal at a meeting on 16 December , which was accepted after a vote, and the club gained its professional status on 20 December Spurs made a failed attempt to join the Football League, but they were admitted to Division One of the Southern League in mid They also participated in other leagues, initially the United League and later Western League, in which they did not always field the full first team. The team was almost entirely rebuilt over the next two years; the first two professional players, Jock Montgomery and J. Logan, were quickly recruited from Scotland (a number of Scottish footballers would have significant influences in the club's history), and in they signed their first international, Jack Jones.

On 2 March , Spurs decided to become a limited company—the Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic Company—to raise funds and to limit the personal liability of its members. Eight thousand shares were issued at £1 each, but only 1, were taken up by the public in the first year.^[37] A board of directors was formed with Oliver as chairman, but he retired after the company reported a loss of £ at the end of the season in Charles Roberts took over as chairman and remained in the post until ^[38]

Soon after the club became a limited company, on 14 March , Frank Brettell was appointed the first manager of Spurs. He signed several players from northern clubs, including Harry Erentz, Tom Smith and, in particular, John Cameron, who signed from Everton in May and was to have a considerable impact on the club. Cameron became player-manager the following February after Bretell left to take a better-paid position at Portsmouth, and led the club to its first trophies: the Southern League title in – and the FA Cup. In his first year as manager, Cameron signed seven players: George Clawley, Ted Hughes, David Copeland, Tom Morris, Jack Kirwan, Sandy Tait and Tom Pratt. The following year Sandy Brown replaced Pratt, who wanted to return to the North despite being the top goalscorer. They, together with Cameron, Erentz, Smith and Jones, formed the Cup-winning team.

Move to White Hart Lane

On Good Friday a match was held against Woolwich Arsenal at Northumberland Park, attended by a record crowd of 14, In the overcrowded ground, fans climbed up onto the roof of the refreshment stand to get a better view. The stand then collapsed under their weight causing a few injuries, which prompted the club to start looking for a new ground. In the club moved a short distance to a piece of land behind the White Hart pub.^[41] The White Hart Lane site, actually located behind Tottenham High Road, was a nursery owned by the brewery chain Charringtons. The club initially leased the ground from Charringtons, but development of the ground was restricted by the terms of the lease. In , after issuing shares towards the cost of purchase, Spurs bought the freehold for £8, and paid a further £2, for a piece of land at the northern end.^[42] By then the ground had a covered stand on the west side and earth mounds on the other three sides.^[43]

The ground was never officially named, but it became popularly known as White Hart Lane, also the name of a local thoroughfare. The first game at White Hart Lane was a friendly against Notts County on 4 September that Spurs won 4–1,^[45] and the first competitive game on the ground was held five days later against Queens Park Rangers, a game won by Spurs 1–0.^[46] With an effective attacking triangle of Jones, Kirwan and Copeland, Tottenham won 11 games in their first 13 games in the –09 season. On 28 April , they finished top of the Southern League, and won the club their first trophy. After the win, the club was dubbed "Flower of the South" by the press.

FA Cup

Tottenham first took part in the FA Cup in the –95 season, but never got beyond the third round proper in six years. In the FA Cup, Spurs managed to reach the final after beating Preston North End, Bury, Reading and West Bromwich Albion; all apart from Reading were Football League Division One teams of the –01 season. The final against Division One Sheffield United was played at Crystal Palace and attended by , spectators, at that time the largest crowd ever for a football match. The game ended in a 2–2 draw, with both of Spurs' goals coming from Sandy Brown, and a disputed goal from Sheffield. The final was the first to be filmed, and it contained the first referee decision demonstrated by film footage to be incorrect, as it showed that the ball did not cross the line for the Sheffield goal.

In the replay at Burnden Park, Bolton on 27 April , Spurs won 3–1 with goals from Cameron, Smith and another by Brown. By winning the FA Cup, Spurs became the only non-League club to have achieved the feat since the formation of the Football League in The club also inadvertently introduced the tradition of tying ribbons in the colours of the winning team on the FA Cup when the wife of a Spurs director tied blue and white ribbons to the handles of the cup.^[53] The win started a trend for Spurs' success in years ending in a one, with further FA Cup wins in , , and , the League Cup in , the league in , and in , which is the double winning year.^[54]

Following the Cup win, Spurs failed to repeat the success in the next few seasons but they were runners-up in the Southern League twice, and won the London League in the –03 season as well as the Western League in the –04 season.^[56] They went on their first overseas tour, to Austria and Hungary, in May Cameron left on 13 March , citing "differences with the directorate",^[58] and he was replaced in April by Fred Kirkham, a referee with no managerial experience. Kirkham was disliked by players and fans alike, and he left on 20 July after a year as manager.

Tottenham resigned from the Southern League in and sought to join the Football League. Their initial application was unsuccessful, but after the resignation of Stoke from the league for financial reasons, Tottenham won election to the Second Division of the Football League for the –09 season to replace them. As Spurs had no manager following Kirkham's departure, the directors took on the role of choosing the team, while the club secretary Arthur Turner was tasked with overseeing the team's affairs. Spurs played their first league game in September against Wolverhampton Wanderers and won 3–0, with their first ever goal in the Football League scored by Vivian Woodward.^[62] Woodward was also instrumental in the club's immediate promotion to the First Division after finishing runners-up in their first year. Before the start of the following season, Woodward left football to pursue other interests, although he soon returned to the game and joined Chelsea. Spurs struggled in their first year in the First Division, but avoided relegation by beating Chelsea in the last game of the season with goals from Billy Minter and a former Chelsea player Percy Humphreys, sending their opponents down instead.

The club started an ambitious plan to redevelop White Hart Lane in , beginning with the construction of the West Stand designed by Archibald Leitch. The North and South stands were then built in the early s, with the East Stand completed in , bringing the capacity of the finished stadium to almost 80,^[42] A bronze cockerel was placed on top of the West Stand in The cockerel was adopted as an emblem because Harry Hotspur, after whom the club was named, was believed to have gained the nickname wearing fighting spurs in battles, and spurs were also worn by fighting cock.^[64] Tottenham had initially used spurs as a symbol in , as Harry Hotspur was said to have charged into battles by digging in his spurs to make the horse go faster, a symbol that evolved into a fighting cock.^[65]

In April Jimmy Cantrell, Bert Bliss and Arthur Grimsdell arrived at the club. Late that year Peter McWilliam was appointed manager. He became a significant and popular figure at the club, managing the team in two separate periods, both interrupted by world wars. The first significant signing by McWilliam was winger Fanny Walden, who was signed for a record £1, in April , later signings included goalkeeper Bill Jaques and right-back Tommy Clay. McWilliam's record in the early years was poor, and Tottenham were bottom of the league at the end of the –15 season when league football was suspended owing to the First World War that had started a year earlier. During the war years, White Hart Lane was taken over by the government and turned into a factory for making gas masks, gunnery and protection equipment.^[70] The London clubs organised their own matches, and Tottenham played their home games at Arsenal's Highbury and Clapton Orient's Homerton grounds.

When football resumed in , the First Division was expanded from 20 to 22 teams. The Football League offered one of the additional places to 19th-placed Chelsea, who would otherwise have been relegated with Spurs for the –16 season, and the other, controversially, to Arsenal, who had finished only sixth in Division Two the previous season.^[72][73] This decision cemented a bitter rivalry that continues to this day,^[30] a rivalry that had begun six years earlier when Arsenal relocated from Plumstead to Highbury, a move opposed by Tottenham, who considered Highbury their territory, as well as by Clapton Orient and Chelsea. Matches between the two clubs, called the North London derby, became the most fiercely-contested derby in London.^[76]

Interwar years

In the first season after the war McWilliam took Tottenham straight back to Division One when they became Division Two Champions of the –20 season. They won with what was then a league record of 70 points, losing only 4 games all season with goals scored. Two players signed that season, Jimmy Dimmock and Jimmy Seed, became crucial members of the team together with Grimsdell. Other notable players of the period include Tommy Clay, Bert Smith and Charlie Walters. The following year Spurs reached their second FA Cup final after beating Preston North End in the semi-final with two goals from Bliss. On 23 April , in a game dominated by Walters, Spurs beat Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–0 in the final at Stamford Bridge, with year-old Dimmock scoring the winning goal. They also won their first Charity Shield the same year. Following their FA Cup victory in , Spurs players started to wear the cockerel emblem on their shirts.^[30]

At McWilliam's instigation a nursery club was established at Northfleet in about , an arrangement that was formalised in and lasted until the Second World War.^[81] Thirty-seven Spurs players, nine of whom became internationals, started their playing career at Northfleet. They include Bill Nicholson, Ron Burgess, Taffy O'Callaghan, Vic Buckingham and Ted Ditchburn.

In the –22 season, Spurs finished second to Liverpool in the league, their first serious challenge for the title. After the success of the two post-war seasons, Spurs only managed to finish mid-table in the next five. The team had begun to deteriorate, and new signings Jack Elkes and Frank Osborne could not overcome weaknesses in other positions. They were in first place for a while in , until Grimsdell broke his leg and they dropped down the table. McWilliam left for Middlesbrough in February when Middlesbrough offered him significantly better pay while the Tottenham board refused his request for a smaller Minter, who first joined the club as a player in and became the first player to score goals for the club in ,^[85] took over as manager. In the –28 season, his first full season in charge, Spurs were unexpectedly relegated despite finishing with 38 points, only 6 points behind 4th-placed Derby County. One factor in their relegation may have been the sale of Jimmy Seed to Sheffield Wednesday—Wednesday had looked certain to be relegated, but Seed helped them escape, beating Tottenham twice along the way, and they went on to win the League Championship title in each of the next two seasons.

Minter struggled to return Spurs to the top flight despite signing Ted Harper in February Harper was a prolific goalscorer in the few years he was at the club; his 36 league goals scored in a season in –31 remained a record until , when it was broken by Jimmy Greaves.^[87] The stress of being manager affected Minter's health; he resigned, and was given another position at the club in November Percy Smith was appointed manager at the start of , and he strengthened the team with imported and home-grown talents including George Hunt, Willie Hall and Arthur Rowe. The team, aided by the goal-scoring exploits of Hunt, were nicknamed the "Greyhounds" in the –33 season as they raced up the Second Division from near the bottom of the table, and won promotion after finishing second to Stoke City. Spurs only managed to stay in Division One for two seasons; injuries (especially to Rowe and Hall) left the team weakened and at the bottom of the table in the –35 season by April Smith then resigned, claiming that the club's directors had interfered with his team selection.

Jack Tresadern took over from caretaker manager Wally Hardinge in July , but failed to lift the club out of the Second Division in the three years of his tenure. He promoted centre-forward Johnny Morrison in place of fans' favourite George Hunt, and decided to sell Hunt to rival Arsenal in , a decision that made him unpopular. He left in April for Plymouth Argyle when it became apparent that he would likely be sacked at the end of the season. Peter McWilliam was brought back as manager, and he tried to rebuild the team by promoting young players from Northfleet including Nicholson, Burgess and Ditchburn, but his second stint at the club was again interrupted by world war. Spurs also failed to advance beyond the quarter-finals of the FA Cup in the s, getting that far three years running from to Despite Tottenham's lack of success in this period, 75, spectators still squeezed into White Hart Lane in March for a cup tie against Sunderland—the club's largest gate until it was surpassed in when more than 85, attended the –17 UEFA Champions League home match against Monaco held at Wembley Stadium.^[93]

War and post-war lull

On 3 September Neville Chamberlain declared war, and league football was abandoned with only three games played. Nevertheless, matches continued to be arranged and played during the Second World War. The London clubs first played in the Wartime League and Football League War Cup, and Spurs won the Regional League South 'C' in After a reorganisation in , they also competed in the Football League South. Owing to the difficult wartime conditions, Spurs along with other London clubs refused to travel long distances for the matches drawn up by the Football League and decided to run their own competitions: London War League and London War Cup. They (eleven London clubs and five other clubs from the south) were temporarily expelled from the Football League; after paying a £10 fine they were readmitted, but they played in the Football League South in the way the London clubs had suggested. McWilliam went back to the North during the war and the team was managed by Arthur Turner; under him Spurs won the regional league twice. Charles Robert who had been chairman since died in , and he was replaced by Fred Bearman. As it was difficult to field a full squad in the war years, many young players, among them Sonny Walters, Les Medley, Les Bennett and Arthur Willis, gained their first playing experience for the club in this period. Spurs also shared White Hart Lane with Arsenal when Highbury was requisitioned by the government and used as an Air Raid Precautions centre.^[98]

After the war ended, McWilliam decided that he was too old to return to the club, and a former Arsenal player Joe Hulme was given the job of managing Tottenham. Hulme failed to win promotion for the club, although Spurs managed to stay in the top half of the Second Division for the three seasons he was manager, and they reached the semi-final of the FA Cup in Players who joined the squad under Hulme include Eddie Baily, Len Duquemin, Harry Clarke and Charlie Withers. Football was popular in the post-war era, and although in the three post-war seasons during which Spurs languished in the Second Division, some games still drew large crowds, particularly for cup ties. Hulme was sacked after he refused a suggestion to resign following an illness in March

Arthur Rowe and title win (–)

League title

In May Rowe became Spurs manager at a salary of £1, a year. He inherited the squad assembled by Hulme except for the one crucial signing he made when he took over, Alf Ramsey. Rowe introduced a new style of play, Push and run, which proved to be highly successful, and transformed the players into a team that were hard to beat in the –50 season. Rowe started his tenure as manager with a 4–1 victory at Brentford, the beginning of an unbeaten run of 23 League and Cup games between 27 August and 14 January With a free-scoring attack force, the team won the Second Division convincingly with six games yet to play. They ended the season nine points in front, elevating them back into the top flight.^[]

After a shaky start to their –51 season when they were trounced 4–1 at home by the Blackpool side of Stanley Matthews, Tottenham won eight consecutive games in October and November that included a 7–0 defeat of Jackie Milburn's Newcastle. Some considered the team of this season the best in Tottenham's history; guarding the goal was Ditchburn, one of Spurs' best ever goalkeepers, who was aided in defence by Ramsey, Clarke, and Willis; also influential were the captain Burgess and Nicholson, with the five forwards of Baily, Medley, Duquemin, Bennett and Walters completing the regular starting eleven. They finished the season ahead of Manchester United by three points, having won their First Division Championship title in the penultimate game of the season by beating Sheffield Wednesday with a solitary goal from Duquemin. That was Tottenham's first ever League title.

Spurs Way

The push and run tactics developed by Rowe were successful in his early years as manager.^[] Rowe credited McWilliam for learning to play a quick passing game, which he developed into a style involving players playing in triangles, quickly laying the ball off to a teammate and running past the marking tackler to collect the return pass. Keeping to Rowe's maxim of "make it simple, make it quick", this method proved an effective way of moving the ball at pace with players' positions and responsibilities being totally fluid. It became an attractive fast-moving attacking style of play regarded by Tottenham fans to be the Spurs Way, which was adjusted and perfected in the later period under Bill Nicholson.

Spurs finished second in the –52 season, beaten to the title by a young Manchester United team. A bad winter and the poor state of the White Hart Lane pitch were contributory, as the "push and run" style of play required a good firm playing surface. The following years witnessed a period of decline, as great players aged but younger players such as Tony Marchi and Tommy Harmer were not yet experienced enough, and with injuries and other teams adapting to Spurs' revolutionary style of play, it meant a struggle for the once-dominant team. Spurs could only finish tenth in the –53 season. The "push and run" team also started to disperse; Medley, Willis, Bennett and Burgess left to join other teams while Nicholson moved into coaching. In Rowe signed future captain Danny Blanchflower for a club record fee of £30, Blanchflower won the FWA Footballer of the Year twice while at Tottenham.^[]

Post-Rowe

The stress of managing the team had affected Rowe's health, and he suffered a breakdown in ; he resigned after falling ill again the following year. Rowe's assistant and long-time club servant Jimmy Anderson stepped into the breach as manager, but the season ended with Spurs in the lower half of the table.^[] With Blanchflower in the team, Ramsey was dropped from the line-up, and he soon left to start his managerial career with Ipswich Town, later guiding England to a World Cup win. Spurs were almost relegated at the end of the –56 season, finishing just two points above the drop zone. In the –57 season, under the guidance of Bill Nicholson as coach, the creative pairing of Blanchflower and Harmer, and the scoring prowess of Bobby Smith, the club experienced a revival and finished in second place, albeit eight points behind the winners, the "Busby Babes" of Manchester United. Tottenham also fared well in the following season, finishing third. As manager, Anderson started to build a new team by signing, bringing in or promoting some of the players who became members of the team that saw major success later: Cliff Jones, Terry Medwin, Peter Baker, Ron Henry, Terry Dyson, Maurice Norman and Smith.^[]

Bill Nicholson and the glory years (–)

In October , with the pressure of a poor start to the season and failing health, Anderson resigned, to be replaced by Bill Nicholson. Nicholson had joined Tottenham as an apprentice in , and the following sixty-eight years saw him serve the club in every capacity from boot room to president. He became the most successful Spurs manager, guiding Tottenham to major trophy success three consecutive seasons in the early s: the double in , the FA Cup and European Cup semi-final in and the Cup Winners' Cup in ^[]

In Nicholson's first game as manager, on 11 October , Spurs beat Everton 10–4, their then record win, but the team finished 18th in the league in his first season in charge. In the following –60 season, Spurs improved to third place in the league, two points behind the champions Burnley. They also beat Crewe Alexandra 13–2 in the –60 FA Cup with five goals coming from Les Allen. It remains the highest scoring FA Cup tie of the 20th century and is still the club's record win. In his first two years in charge, Nicholson made several signings—Dave Mackay and John White, the two influential players of the Double-winning team, as well as Allen and goalkeeper Bill Brown.

Double winners

The –61 season started with a 2–0 home win against Everton, the beginning of a run of eleven wins. The winning run was interrupted by a 1–1 draw against Manchester City, followed by another four wins before the unbeaten streak was broken by a loss to Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough in November. It remained the best ever start by any club in the top flight of English football until it was surpassed by Manchester City in ^[] The title was won on 17 April when Spurs beat the eventual runners-up Sheffield Wednesday at home 2–1, with three games still to play.^[]

In this Double-winning season only seventeen players were used in all forty-nine league and cup games, three of them playing only once. The team was built around the quartet of Blanchflower, Mackay, Jones, and White; completing the side were Smith (top scorer of the season), Allen, Henry, Norman, Baker, Dyson and Brown, with Medwin, Marchi, and a young Frank Saul among the reserves. Spurs reached the final of the –61 FA Cup, beating along the way Sunderland 5–0 in the sixth-round replay and Burnley 3–0 in the semi-final. Spurs met Leicester City in the FA Cup final and won 2–0, with Smith scoring the first and setting up the second for Dyson,^[] helped in part by Leicester being effectively reduced to ten men owing to injury (no substitutions were allowed at that time). Spurs became the first team in England to win the Double in the 20th century, and the first since Aston Villa achieved the feat in ^[]

First European triumph

Tottenham competed for the first time in a European competition in the –62 European Cup. Their first opponents were Górnik Zabrze, who beat Spurs 4–2. After the match the Polish press described Spurs players as "no angels"; in response, in the return leg at White Hart Lane, some Spurs fans dressed up as angels holding placards with slogans such as "Glory be to shining White Hart Lane", and other fans joined in by singing the refrains of "Glory Glory Hallelujah". Spurs won 8–1 to the sound of fans singing "Glory glory hallelujah, and the Spurs go marching on", which became an anthem for Tottenham from that night onwards.^[] Spurs eventually lost in the semi-final to the holders Benfica, who went on to win the competition.^[]

A month later Spurs won the FA Cup again after beating Burnley in the FA Cup final.^[] The first goal of the game was scored by Jimmy Greaves, who was signed in December for £99, (so as not to be the first £, player). Greaves became the top goal scorer for Tottenham with league goals and goals in all appearances for the club, and the most prolific scorer ever in the top tier of English football.^[]

In the –63 European Cup Winners' Cup, Spurs reached the final, beating Rangers 8–4 on aggregate, Slovan Bratislava 6–2, and OFK Belgrade 5–2 on aggregate. Spurs' 5–1 win in the Cup Winners' Cup final against Atlético Madrid in Rotterdam on 15 May , during which Terry Dyson scored a goal from 25 yards out, made Tottenham the first British team to win a European trophy.^[]

Continuing success

By the Double-winning side was beginning to break up owing to age, injuries and transfers. Captain Danny Blanchflower hung up his boots that spring at the age of 38, troubled by a knee injury, and Dave Mackay was sidelined for a long period with his leg broken twice—the first occurred during Spurs' defence of the Cup Winners' Cup against Manchester United, resulting in the men Spurs being eliminated from the competition. In the summer of , John White was tragically killed by lightning on a golf course. Nicholson rebuilt the team with new players, most of them imports, including Alan Mullery, Pat Jennings, Cyril Knowles, Mike England, Terry Venables, Jimmy Robertson, Phil Beal, Joe Kinnear, and Alan Gilzean who formed a goal-scoring partnership with Greaves. The rebuilding culminated in a win at the FA Cup final over Chelsea with goals from wingers Robertson and Saul, and a third-place finish in the league.^[]

The team failed to make much of an impact in the following two seasons, reaching only in the semi-final of the League Cup, a competition created in but one in which Tottenham did not participate until Mackay, Jones and Robertson left the club in , followed by Venables in In their place came the home-grown players Steve Perryman, Ray Evans and John Pratt, and new signing Martin Chivers. Martin Peters also arrived from West Ham United for a record fee of £, in in part-exchange for a reluctant Greaves,^[] while Ralph Coates was signed in the summer of for £, from Burnley. Gilzean recreated the goal-scoring partnership with Chivers that he had with Greaves, this time aided by the blindside runs of Peters. The revitalised team reached the League Cup final in , where they beat Aston Villa 2–0 to win their first League Cup with Chivers scoring both goals. They won the League Cup again in after beating Norwich City by a single goal from Coates in the final.

The Cup win and a third-place finish in the –71 season earned Spurs a place in the inaugural UEFA Cup. They reached the final after a battling performance to draw against A.C. Milan at the San Siro stadium in the second leg of the semi-final, giving them a 3–2 win on aggregate. In the first leg of the UEFA Cup final against Wolverhampton Wanderers, Chivers scored twice to give Spurs a 2–1 lead. In the return leg at White Hart Lane, team captain Mullery headed in a goal in his last game for the club for a 3–2 win on aggregate.^[] With this victory, Spurs became the first British team to win two different European trophies. In total Nicholson had won eight major trophies in sixteen years; his spell in charge was the most successful period in the club's history.^[]

Decline and revival under Keith Burkinshaw (–)

Although Tottenham managed to reach four cup finals in four years and winning three of them from to , the team began to decline as Nicholson was unable to sign the players he wanted, in part because of his refusal to meet the demands for under-the-counter payments. The early seventies was also the beginning of a period of increasing football violence; rioting by Spurs fans in Rotterdam in their loss to Feyenoord in the UEFA Cup final added to his disillusionment. Nicholson resigned after a poor start to the –75 season and a 4–0 loss to Middlesbrough in the League Cup, but his tenure ended on a sour note. He had sought to be succeeded by Blanchflower as manager and Johnny Giles as player-coach, but the chairman Sidney Wale was angered by Nicholson contacting the pair without informing him first. The club then severed all ties with a £10, payoff, even though Nicholson had wanted to stay on as an advisor, and refused him a testimonial (Nicholson was later brought back as advisor by Keith Burkinshaw and was only given a testimonial in under a different chairman).^[]

Terry Neill was appointed manager by the board, and Spurs narrowly avoided relegation at the end of the –75 season. Spurs performed better the following season, in which Glenn Hoddle played his first game for the club. A former Arsenal player, Neill was never accepted by the fans, and he left to manage Arsenal in mid, replaced by his assistant Keith Burkinshaw whom he had recruited the previous year.

Relegation

In Burkinshaw's first year as manager in the –77 season, Tottenham slipped out of the First Division after 27 years in the top flight. Many of the early '70s Cup-winning team had by now left or retired. This was followed in the summer of by the sale of their Northern Ireland international goalkeeper Pat Jennings for a bargain £45, to Arsenal as Burkinshaw had started to use Barry Daines, a move that shocked the club's fans and one that Burkinshaw later admitted was a great error. Jennings played on for another seven seasons for Spurs' arch-rivals.^[]

Despite relegation, the board kept faith with Burkinshaw and the team immediately won promotion to the top flight, although it took until the final league game of the season for them to be promoted. A sudden loss of form at the end of the –78 season meant the club needed a point in the last game at Southampton. To Tottenham's great relief, the game ended 0–0 and Spurs returned to the First Division. Early in the season, Spurs had won 9–0 at home to Bristol Rovers, with four of their goals coming from debutant striker Colin Lee. The glut of goals proved significant later on as Tottenham won promotion through goal difference.

Cup wins and European success

In the summer of , Burkinshaw caused a stir by signing for £, two Argentinian internationals Osvaldo Ardiles and Ricardo Villa—players from beyond the British Isles in English football were rare at the time.^[] This was also a period of rebuilding as young players were brought in from the youth team, such as Mark Falco, Paul Miller, Chris Hughton and Micky Hazard, as well as other players signed from other clubs such as Graham Roberts, Tony Galvin, and in particular the twin strike force of Garth Crooks and Steve Archibald.^[]

Spurs opened the s by reaching the th FA Cup final in against Manchester City, and won the replay 3–2 in a match notable for the winning goal from Ricardo Villa.^[] They lifted the FA Cup again the next season, beating Queens Park Rangers in the final. Although they were also in contention for three other trophies that season, they finished fourth in the First Division, lost to Liverpool in the League Cup final in extra time, while Barcelona won at home in the Cup Winners' Cup semi-final after a 1–1 draw at White Hart Lane.^[]

The club began a new phase of redevelopment at White Hart Lane in , starting with the rebuilding of the West Stand initiated by a new chairman Arthur Richardson. The West Stand was demolished and a new stand, which took 15 months to complete, opened in Cost overruns on the project, which rose from £ million to £6 million, as well as the cost of rebuilding the team in the return to Division One resulted in financial difficulties for the club. In this period, property developer and Spurs fan Irving Scholar began buying up shares in the club. He took advantage of a rift in the boardroom between Richardson and former chairman Sidney Wale, and persuaded Wale to sell his shares. Scholar bought up 25% of the club for £,, and with the help of Paul Bobroff who had bought 15% of shares from the family of previous chairman Bearman, took control in December ^[] Scholar inherited a club in debt to the tune of nearly £5 million, what was then the largest debt in English football, but a rights issue after he took over brought in a million pounds. In , a new holding company, Tottenham Hotspur plc, was formed with the football club run as a subsidiary of the company. With a valuation of £9 million, the company was floated on the London Stock Exchange, the first sports club to do so.^[] Together with Martin Edwards of Manchester United and David Dein of Arsenal, Scholar transformed English football clubs into business ventures that applied commercial principles to the running of the clubs to maximise their revenues, a process that eventually led to the formation of the Premier League.^[]

In , Tottenham reached the final of the UEFA Cup. After 1–1 scores in both legs against Anderlecht, Tottenham emerged the victor when Tony Parks saved a penalty in the penalty shootout.^[] This was the third of the major trophies won by the club under Burkinshaw in the s. Several weeks before this victory, Burkinshaw announced that he would be leaving at the end of that season after disagreements with the directors and becoming disenchanted with the club.^[][]

Shreeves and Pleat (–)

Burkinshaw was succeeded as manager by his assistant Peter Shreeves in June According to Scholar, Aberdeen manager Alex Ferguson, who joined Manchester United two years later, had reneged on an agreement to take over.^[] Tottenham enjoyed a strong start to the –85 season and looked poised to win the league title by the winter, but a series of poor home results in resulted in the team being leapfrogged by eventual champions Everton and runners-up Liverpool. Their final position of third place in the league should have secured them a UEFA Cup place, but the Heysel disaster on 29 May , which saw 39 spectators crushed to death when Liverpool fans rioted at the European Cup final, resulted in all English clubs being banned from European competitions. In , Perryman departed after 19 years at the club (17 years in the first team) and a record league appearances.^[] The same year Spurs also sold its training ground at Cheshunt that the club had owned since for over £4 million.^[] The –86 season proved disappointing despite the signings of Chris Waddle and Paul Allen in the summer of , and Shreeves was sacked at the end of the season.

Luton Town manager David Pleat was appointed the new manager following Shreeves' dismissal. For much of –87, Spurs played with what was for that time an unusual five-man midfield formation: Hoddle, Ardiles, Allen, Waddle and Steve Hodge. The lone striker Clive Allen scored 49 goals in all competitions that season, still a club record.^[] Tottenham remained in contention for all three major domestic honours throughout the season, but finished the season empty-handed. In the League Cup, Tottenham lost to eventual competition winners Arsenal in the semi-final.^[] Spurs also missed out on the First Division title to Everton, and stumbled to a 3–2 loss in the FA Cup final to Coventry City, whose winning goal was deflected off Gary Mabbutt's knee for an own goal in the final minutes.^[] The close season of saw the sale of Glenn Hoddle to Monaco after a decade as the driving force in Tottenham's midfield.

Terry Venables (–)

In October , Pleat quit the club following allegations about his private life. He was succeeded by former player Terry Venables, who had by then built up an impressive managerial record. He inherited a Spurs side that was struggling in the league with a quarter of the –88 season played. Earlier in the season veteran goalkeeper Ray Clemence had to retire after suffering an Achilles tendon injury,^[] and new signings by Venables Terry Fenwick and Paul Walsh failed to lift the team, which finished in 13th place. Striker Clive Allen was also less prolific in attack in this season, and he was sold to French club Bordeaux in March ^[]

To invigorate the Tottenham side, Venables paid a national record £2 million for Newcastle midfielder Paul Gascoigne in June , and also signed striker Paul Stewart from Manchester City for £ million.^[] Spurs made a shaky start to the –89 season; incomplete refurbishment of the East Stand caused the postponement of the opening game against Coventry just a few hours before kickoff, which earned the club a two-point deduction (later replaced by a £15, fine), and this was followed by a string of losses in October.^[] They were second from bottom at the end of October, but improved to ninth place by the turn of and finished sixth in the final table.^[]

Cup win and boardroom drama

By the end of the s and the beginning of s, Spurs had become mired in considerable financial difficulties, with a debt reported to be £20 million in ^[] The East Stand was refurbished in but its cost had doubled to over £8 million, while the company's attempts to diversify into other businesses such as the clothing firms Hummel UK and Martex failed to generate the income expected and were in fact losing them money.^[] July saw the arrival at White Hart Lane of England striker Gary Lineker from Barcelona for a fee of £ million; however, the cash-strapped club was unable to pay Barcelona in full even though Waddle was sold days later to Marseille for £ million. Scholar had to organise a secret £ million loan from Robert Maxwell, which caused an uproar and resulted in an attempt to oust Scholar from the boardroom when it was revealed.^[] Maxwell, who first owned Oxford United and then Derby County, became interested in the club, putting Derby County up for sale so that he could acquire Tottenham.^[] Venables, who had previously attempted to buy the club but failed, then joined forces with businessman Alan Sugar in June to forestall a takeover by Maxwell and gain control of Tottenham Hotspur plc, buying out Scholar for £2 million.^[][][]

With Lineker and Gascoigne in the team, Spurs finished third in the –90 title race won by Liverpool.^[] In the following –91 season, they began the season unbeaten in ten games, but failed to rediscover their earlier league form in the second half of the season, eventually finishing tenth in the final table.^[][] Despite the middling ranking, this season remains a highlight for Tottenham for their performances in the –91 FA Cup. A 3–1 semi-final win over Arsenal featured a yard free kick from Gascoigne considered to be one of the best goals ever seen in the competition.^[] In the final against Nottingham Forest, Gascoigne suffered serious cruciate ligament damage in his knee when he made a reckless tackle on opponent Gary Charles.^[] Winning the match 2–1 after extra time, Spurs became the first team to collect eight FA Cups, a record later surpassed by Manchester United in ^[] The excitement in North London over the win also had the unexpected result of prompting Sugar, who had little knowledge of the club's history (and was alleged to have asked "What Double?" when someone mentioned Tottenham's Double),^[] to contact Venables and jointly buy the club.

Gascoigne was a transfer target for Italian club Lazio, but his knee injury (aggravated later in a nightclub incident) meant that he missed the –92 season, and his transfer to Lazio was put on hold. By the summer of , his knee had recovered and he completed his move to Lazio for £ million, reduced from the £ million fees agreed before his injury. Gary Lineker then announced in November that he would be leaving Spurs at the end of the season to play in Japan, while Paul Walsh and Paul Stewart also left the club.

In the –92 season, Venables became chief executive of the club, and Shreeves again took charge of first-team duties. During the summer of , Venables decided to return to team management; Shreeves was sacked, and a European style of management was instituted with Doug Livermore the head coach and Clemence the assistant. Although Sugar and Venables began as equal partners with each investing £ million in the club, Sugar's financial clout allowed him to increase his stake to £8 million in December , thereby gaining control of the club. In May , after a row at a board meeting, Terry Venables was controversially dismissed from the Tottenham board by Sugar, whose decision was overturned in the High Court but reversed on appeal.^[] Despite being initially seen as a saviour of the club, the ousting of a popular figure, later aggravated by a perceived lack of investment in the club, earned Sugar long-lasting animosity from some fans who repeatedly called for his resignation.^[]